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| G | |
|---|---|
| Grand chiliad | |
| (See below, Typographic) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing organisation | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Linguistic communication of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0047, U+0067, U+0261 |
| Alphabetical position | vii |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time flow | ~-300 to present |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Transliteration equivalents | C |
| Variations | (See below, Typographic) |
| Other | |
| Other messages commonly used with | gh, 1000(x) |
(speculated origin)
M, or 1000, is the 7th letter of the alphabet of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its proper noun in English is gee (pronounced ), plural gees.[1]
History
The letter 'G' was introduced in the Old Latin period equally a variant of 'C' to distinguish voiced /ɡ/ from voiceless /one thousand/.
The recorded originator of 'G' is freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga, who added letter of the alphabet Thousand to the teaching of the Roman alphabet during the 3rd century BC:[2] he was the first Roman to open a fee-paying school, around 230 BCE. At this time, 'Chiliad' had fallen out of favor, and 'C', which had formerly represented both /ɡ/ and /m/ earlier open vowels, had come to express /yard/ in all environments.
Ruga'due south positioning of 'M' shows that alphabetic club related to the letters' values as Greek numerals was a concern even in the 3rd century BC. According to some records, the original seventh alphabetic character, 'Z', had been purged from the Latin alphabet somewhat earlier in the tertiary century BC past the Roman censor Appius Claudius, who plant it distasteful and foreign.[3] Sampson (1985) suggests that: "Evidently the club of the alphabet was felt to be such a physical affair that a new letter could be added in the heart only if a 'space' was created by the dropping of an old letter."[iv]
George Hempl proposed in 1899 that in that location never was such a "space" in the alphabet and that in fact 'Yard' was a straight descendant of zeta. Zeta took shapes like ⊏ in some of the Old Italic scripts; the development of the monumental form 'G' from this shape would be exactly parallel to the development of 'C' from gamma. He suggests that the pronunciation /thou/ > /ɡ/ was due to contamination from the too similar-looking 'Chiliad'.[5]
Eventually, both velar consonants /k/ and /ɡ/ developed palatalized allophones earlier forepart vowels; consequently in today's Romance languages, ⟨c⟩ and ⟨yard⟩ take different sound values depending on context (known as difficult and soft C and hard and soft G). Because of French influence, English language orthography shares this feature.
Typographic variants
The modern lowercase 'g' has two typographic variants: the single-storey (sometimes opentail) 'g' and the double-storey (sometimes looptail) 'g'. The single-storey form derives from the majuscule (capital letter) form by raising the serif that distinguishes it from 'c' to the peak of the loop, thus closing the loop and extending the vertical stroke downwardly and to the left. The double-storey form (g) had adult similarly, except that some ornate forms and so extended the tail dorsum to the right, and to the left again, forming a closed bowl or loop. The initial extension to the left was absorbed into the upper closed bowl. The double-storey version became popular when printing switched to "Roman type" because the tail was effectively shorter, making it possible to put more lines on a page. In the double-storey version, a minor top stroke in the upper-right, oftentimes terminating in an orb shape, is called an "ear".
Generally, the ii forms are complementary, merely occasionally the difference has been exploited to provide contrast. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, opentail ⟨ɡ⟩ has always represented a voiced velar plosive, while ⟨
⟩ was distinguished from ⟨ɡ⟩ and represented a voiced velar fricative from 1895 to 1900.[half dozen] [seven] In 1948, the Council of the International Phonetic Association recognized ⟨ɡ⟩ and ⟨⟩ equally typographic equivalents,[8] and this decision was reaffirmed in 1993.[9] While the 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Clan recommended the utilize of ⟨⟩ for a velar plosive and ⟨ɡ⟩ for an advanced 1 for languages where information technology is preferable to distinguish the two, such as Russian,[10] this practice never defenseless on.[eleven] The 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, the successor to the Principles, abased the recommendation and acknowledged both shapes every bit adequate variants.[12]
Wong et al. (2018) found that native English speakers have little conscious awareness of the looptail 'g' ().[thirteen] [14] They write: "Despite being questioned repeatedly, and despite existence informed directly that One thousand has two lowercase print forms, nearly half of the participants failed to reveal whatever knowledge of the looptail '1000', and but 1 of the 38 participants was able to write looptail 'g' correctly."
Pronunciation and utilise
| Language | Dialect(s) | Pronunciation (IPA) | Environment | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | /x/ | |||
| Standard arabic | /ɡ/ | Latinization; corresponding to ⟨ق⟩ or ⟨ج⟩ in Standard arabic | ||
| Catalan | /(d)ʒ/ | Before e, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Ordinarily | |||
| Danish | /ɡ/ | Give-and-take-initially | ||
| /k/ | Ordinarily | |||
| Dutch | Standard | /ɣ/ | ||
| Southern dialects | /ɣ̟/ | |||
| Northern dialects | /χ/ | |||
| English language | /dʒ/ | Earlier due east, i, y (encounter exceptions below) | ||
| /ɡ/ | Ordinarily | |||
| /ʒ/ | Before e, i in "modern" loanwords from French | |||
| silent | Some words, initial <gn>, and word-finally before a consonant | |||
| Faeroese | /j/ | soft, lenited; run across Faroese phonology | ||
| /1000/ | hard | |||
| /tʃ/ | soft | |||
| /five/ | after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and earlier u | |||
| /w/ | later on ó, u, ú and before a, i, or u | |||
| silent | subsequently a, æ, á, due east, o, ø and before a | |||
| French | /ɡ/ | Ordinarily | ||
| /ʒ/ | Before due east, i, y | |||
| Galician | /ɡ/~/ħ/ | Usually | Run into Gheada for consonant variation | |
| /ʃ/ | Earlier e, i | at present rarely spelled as such | ||
| Greek | /ɡ/ | Usually | Latinization | |
| /ɟ/ | Earlier ai, e, i, oi, y | Latinization | ||
| Icelandic | /c/ | soft | ||
| /g/ | difficult | |||
| /ɣ/ | hard, lenited; see Icelandic phonology | |||
| /j/ | soft, lenited | |||
| Irish | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /ɟ/ | After i or before e, i | |||
| Italian | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /dʒ/ | Before e, i | |||
| Standard mandarin | Standard | /one thousand/ | Pinyin latinization | |
| Norman | /dʒ/ | Earlier due east, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Norwegian | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /j/ | Before ei, i, j, øy, y | |||
| Portuguese | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /ʒ/ | Before e, i, y | |||
| Romanian | /dʒ/ | Earlier e, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Romansh | /dʑ/ | Before due east, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Scottish Gaelic | /1000/ | Usually | ||
| /kʲ/ | Later on i or before e, i | |||
| Spanish | /ɡ/ | Normally | ||
| /x/ or /h/ | Before east, i, y | Variation between velar and glottal realizations depends on dialect | ||
| Swedish | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /j/ | Before ä, e, i, ö, y | |||
| Turkish | /ɡ/ | Ordinarily | ||
| /ɟ/ | Before e, i, ö, ü | |||
English
In English language, the letter of the alphabet appears either solitary or in some digraphs. Solitary, it represents
- a voiced velar plosive (/ɡ/ or "hard" ⟨g⟩), as in goose, gargoyle, and game;
- a voiced palato-alveolar affricate (/d͡ʒ/ or "soft" ⟨g⟩), predominates before ⟨i⟩ or ⟨east⟩, as in behemothic, ginger, and geology; or
- a voiced palato-alveolar sibilant (/ʒ/) in post-medieval loanwords from French, such equally rouge, beige, genre (often), and margarine (rarely)
⟨g⟩ is predominantly soft before ⟨e⟩ (including the digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩), ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩, and difficult otherwise. Information technology is hard in those derivations from γυνή (gynḗ) meaning woman where initial-worded as such. Soft ⟨g⟩ is also used in many words that came into English from medieval church/academic use, French, Spanish, Italian or Portuguese – these tend to, in other ways in English, closely align to their Aboriginal Latin and Greek roots (such as fragile, logic or magic). At that place remain widely used a few English words of non-Romance origin where ⟨g⟩ is difficult followed past ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ (get, give, gift), and very few in which ⟨g⟩ is soft though followed by ⟨a⟩ such every bit gaol, which since the 20th century is nearly ever written equally "jail".
The double consonant ⟨gg⟩ has the value /ɡ/ (hard ⟨yard⟩) as in nugget, with very few exceptions: /ɡd͡ʒ/ in suggest and /d͡ʒ/ in exaggerate and veggies.
The digraph ⟨dg⟩ has the value /d͡ʒ/ (soft ⟨g⟩), equally in annoy. Non-digraph ⟨dg⟩ tin can also occur, in compounds like floodgate and headgear.
The digraph ⟨ng⟩ may represent:
- a velar nasal () as in length, vocaliser
- the latter followed by hard ⟨yard⟩ (/ŋɡ/) as in jungle, finger, longest
Not-digraph ⟨ng⟩ likewise occurs, with possible values
- /nɡ/ equally in engulf, ungainly
- /nd͡ʒ/ as in sponge, angel
- /nʒ/ as in melange
The digraph ⟨gh⟩ (in many cases a replacement for the obsolete letter of the alphabet yogh, which took various values including /ɡ/, /ɣ/, /x/ and /j/) may stand for:
- /ɡ/ as in ghost, aghast, burgher, spaghetti
- /f/ every bit in cough, laugh, roughage
- Ø (no sound) as in through, neighbor, night
- /10/ in ugh
- (rarely) /p/ in hiccough
- (rarely) /k/ in s'ghetti
Non-digraph ⟨gh⟩ likewise occurs, in compounds similar foghorn, pigheaded
The digraph ⟨gn⟩ may stand for:
- /n/ as in gnostic, deign, foreigner, signage
- /nj/ in loanwords like champignon, lasagna
Non-digraph ⟨gn⟩ too occurs, as in signature, doubter
The trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ has the value /ŋ/ every bit in gingham or dinghy. Non-trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ also occurs, in compounds like stronghold and dunghill.
One thousand is the tenth least frequently used letter in the English language (after Y, P, B, V, K, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of well-nigh 2.02% in words.
Other languages
Nigh Romance languages and some Nordic languages besides have two main pronunciations for ⟨g⟩, hard and soft. While the soft value of ⟨chiliad⟩ varies in different Romance languages (/ʒ/ in French and Portuguese, [(d)ʒ] in Catalan, /d͡ʒ/ in Italian and Romanian, and /x/ in most dialects of Spanish), in all except Romanian and Italian, soft ⟨g⟩ has the aforementioned pronunciation equally the ⟨j⟩.
In Italian and Romanian, ⟨gh⟩ is used to stand for /ɡ/ before front vowels where ⟨g⟩ would otherwise represent a soft value. In Italian and French, ⟨gn⟩ is used to correspond the palatal nasal /ɲ/, a sound somewhat similar to the ⟨ny⟩ in English canyon. In Italian, the trigraph ⟨gli⟩, when appearing before a vowel or equally the commodity and pronoun gli, represents the palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/.
Other languages typically use ⟨g⟩ to represent /ɡ/ regardless of position.
Amongst European languages, Czech, Dutch, Finnish, and Slovak are an exception as they exercise non have /ɡ/ in their native words. In Dutch, ⟨g⟩ represents a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ instead, a audio that does not occur in modern English, but there is a dialectal variation: many Netherlandic dialects use a voiceless fricative ([x] or [χ]) instead, and in southern dialects information technology may be palatal [ʝ]. Nevertheless, word-finally it is ever voiceless in all dialects, including the standard Dutch of Belgium and kingdom of the netherlands. On the other hand, some dialects (like Amelands) may have a phonemic /ɡ/.
Faeroese uses ⟨g⟩ to represent /dʒ/, in addition to /ɡ/, and also uses it to signal a glide.
In Māori, ⟨chiliad⟩ is used in the digraph ⟨ng⟩ which represents the velar nasal /ŋ/ and is pronounced similar the ⟨ng⟩ in vocalist.
In older Czech and Slovak orthographies, ⟨1000⟩ was used to correspond /j/, while /ɡ/ was written as ⟨ǧ⟩ (⟨k⟩ with caron).
Ancestors, descendants and siblings
- 𐤂 : Semitic letter Gimel, from which the following symbols originally derive
- C c : Latin letter C, from which G derives
- Γ γ : Greek letter Gamma, from which C derives in turn
- ɡ : Latin letter script small G
- ᶢ : Modifier letter small-scale script m is used for phonetic transcription[xv]
- ᵷ : Turned g
- Г г : Cyrillic letter of the alphabet Ge
- Ȝ ȝ : Latin letter Yogh
- Ɣ ɣ : Latin letter Gamma
- Ᵹ ᵹ : Insular g
- Ꝿ ꝿ : Turned insular g
- ɢ : Latin letter minor majuscule G, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to stand for a voiced uvular stop
- ʛ : Latin letter small capital G with hook, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a voiced uvular implosive
- ᴳ ᵍ : Modifier messages are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[16]
- ꬶ : Used for the Teuthonista phonetic transcription system[17]
- K with diacritics: Ǵ ǵ Ǥ ǥ Ĝ ĝ Ǧ ǧ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ Ɠ ɠ Ġ ġ Ḡ ḡ Ꞡ ꞡ ᶃ
- ց : Armenian alphabet Tso
Ligatures and abbreviations
- ₲ : Paraguayan guaraní
Computing codes
| Preview | G | g | Ɡ | ɡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL Letter of the alphabet G | LATIN Minor LETTER G | LATIN Uppercase Alphabetic character SCRIPT G | LATIN Minor Alphabetic character SCRIPT One thousand | ||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | december | hex |
| Unicode | 71 | U+0047 | 103 | U+0067 | 42924 | U+A7AC | 609 | U+0261 |
| UTF-8 | 71 | 47 | 103 | 67 | 234 158 172 | EA 9E AC | 201 161 | C9 A1 |
| Numeric grapheme reference | G | G | g | g | Ɡ | Ɡ | ɡ | ɡ |
| EBCDIC family | 199 | C7 | 135 | 87 | ||||
| ASCII 1 | 71 | 47 | 103 | 67 | ||||
- ane Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
See besides
- Carolingian K
- Difficult and soft Thousand
- Latin letters used in mathematics § Gg
References
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English. 1976.
- ^ Gnanadesikan, Amalia Eastward. (2011-09-13). The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781444359855.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Romana
- ^ Everson, Michael; Sigurðsson, Baldur; Málstöð, Íslensk. "Sorting the letter ÞORN". Evertype. ISO CEN/TC304. Archived from the original on 2018-09-24. Retrieved 2018-11-01 .
- ^ Hempl, George (1899). "The Origin of the Latin Letters Thousand and Z". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 30: 24–41. doi:10.2307/282560. JSTOR 282560.
- ^ Association phonétique internationale (January 1895). "vɔt syr l alfabɛ" [Votes sur l'alphabet]. Le Maître Phonétique. 10 (1): 16–17. JSTOR 44707535.
- ^ Association phonétique internationale (February–March 1900). "akt ɔfisjɛl" [Acte officiel]. Le Maître Phonétique. 15 (ii/3): 20. JSTOR 44701257.
- ^ Jones, Daniel (July–Dec 1948). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles]. Le Maître Phonétique (xc): 28–xxx. JSTOR 44705217.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1993). "Council actions on revisions of the IPA". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 23 (1): 32–34. doi:10.1017/S002510030000476X.
- ^ International Phonetic Clan (1949). The Principles of the International Phonetic Association. Department of Phonetics, University College, London. Supplement to Le Maître Phonétique 91, January–June 1949. JSTOR i40200179. Reprinted in Periodical of the International Phonetic Association forty (3), December 2010, pp. 299–358, doi:x.1017/S0025100311000089. CS1 maint: postscript (link)
- ^ Wells, John C. (6 November 2006). "Scenes from IPA history". John Wells's phonetic web log. Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, Academy College London. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Employ of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN0-521-63751-i.
- ^ Wong, Kimberly; Wadee, Frempongma; Ellenblum, Gali; McCloskey, Michael (2 Apr 2018). "The Devil'due south in the 1000-tails: Deficient letter of the alphabet-shape cognition and sensation despite massive visual feel". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 44 (ix): 1324–1335. doi:10.1037/xhp0000532. PMID 29608074. S2CID 4571477.
- ^ Dean, Signe. "Most People Don't Know What Lowercase "G" Looks Similar And We're Not Even Kidding". Science Alarm. Archived from the original on 8 Apr 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
- ^ Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-ten-xi. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/eleven-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-ten-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
External links
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